Mark Dawson Shares His Secret Facebook Ads Strategy

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The point of this exposition is to depict and assess the qualities and shortcomings of the behaviorist methodology as far as capacity to clarify conduct. This article will quickly layout the recorded improvement of the behaviorist approach and incorporate analysts extending from Watson to Bandura. This article will portray in detail the alternate points of view held inside behaviorism from traditional molding to the social learning hypothesis and talk about the qualities and shortcoming encompassing these speculations. The possibility of Behaviorism goes back to Descartes. Descartes was a savant that presented the psyche and body banter, he accepted that the brain and body were two separate presences that calmly cooperated with one another, he named this his hypothesis of intuitive dualism anyway the possibility of behaviorism didn’t get from simply this one point. Hypotheses on the psyche and body began from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another supporter of the possibility of the behaviorism approach was John Locke with his conviction that all people are brought into the world with ‘tabular Rasa’ a clear state. Locke accepted that the psyche during childbirth had no natural originations and that all conduct is found out from the earth. Locke needed to approve his support conviction so utilized observational strategies for inquire about. All these various speculations helped Behaviorism come into a control in its own privilege from the twentieth century onw ards (Gentile 2008) The behaviorist methodology is to some degree distinctive to different methodologies in Psychology as the principle center is around the outside ecological components and the impact these have on conduct. Behaviorists accept that People have no through and through freedom and that a person’s situation decides their conduct and that psy... ...loads of differentiating sees encompassing the behaviorist methodology and the clarifications it gives for clarifying conduct anyway it very well may be said that behaviorism has improved incredible commitments to a comprehension of conduct. Works Cited Flannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London: Letts Educational Gentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought: A History of Psychology.Los Angeles :Sage Publications Ltd Glassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.Berkshire:Open college Press. R,Gross 2004 Key investigations in psychology.3Ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Gross,R (2009)Psychology. The study of brain and conduct. 5ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Moxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.Oxford:Educational Publishers Roth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.Glasgow:Bath Press Color books.

What is a Bond

What is a Bond Do you save your money or invest it?Like many people, you may have grown up knowing that you should have savings. It is indeed a good practice to have savings. But is it the best way to safeguard your financial future?To some extent, it is good enough.But in many other ways, investing your money is a better alternative.Investing is a term used to refer to various ways of making an income from your money. One way of making this income is by investing in a bond.By reading this article, you will learn the basics of bonds so as to be able to invest in them. You will also know the different types of bonds as well as their advantages and disadvantages.Before we get to the basics, let’s differentiate between bonds and their close relative, equity.Bond vs EquityBonds and equities are two ways in which you can earn money from investing in a company. Both are investment opportunities but are very different from one another.The biggest difference is in what happens after the initial purchase. When you become an equity holder, you essentially become a shareholder. A certain percentage of the company becomes your property.When the business does well, you get a share of the profits in the form of dividends. With a bond, the situation is different.When you buy a bond, you become a creditor to the business.The business owes you money equivalent to the amount you have put in as well as other payments like interests.You however do not become a shareholder neither do you share in the profitability of the company.Although shares attract a lot of attention as they get reported in the mainstream media, bonds are equally popular.This is especially the case with long-term investors or those putting their money away for reasons like retirement.This is because bonds have some advantages which shares cannot rival. More on this in the section about advantages and disadvantages of bonds. To understand bonds, let’s look at the common terms used when talking about them.You can use this li st as a reference when you need to recall these basics.BOND BASICSThere are certain terms whose meaning you must know if you are to understand bonds.Below are those we will look at in this section.IssuerA bond issuer is the person, organization or government institution which issues a bond. It is the body which is in need of funds and has decided to get them via this method.It may have other financial options available such as bank loans, sale of shares but has chosen the bond option. The issuer is responsible for setting the terms of the bond.These terms are what will determine the attractiveness of the bond.As the party borrowing money, the issuer’s credit rating will also play a role in determining the attractiveness of the bond.LenderThe lender is the person, organization or institution which lends money to the bond issuer by purchasing the bond issued.The lender will typically analyze the terms of the bond before deciding whether to buy it or not.Since buying a bond is an inv estment decision, the lender needs to be savvy in regards to this matter. If the lender is not experienced, he will normally hire an expert to do the analysis for him.The expert will then advice on which bonds are best to invest in.PrincipalThe amount which totals the investment made by the lender is what is referred to as the principal. This is also called the bond’s face value or par value.The principal is the the amount of money the issuer will pay the bondholder once the bond matures.For example, the bondholder may have invested $10,000 in a bond whose maturity date is 5 years. At the end of this period, the issuer will pay back $10,000 to the lender.The principal never changes and it must be paid back in full. This is separate from all other payments which are paid in the course of the investment period.Maturity DateEvery bond issued has a date by which the lender is supposed to be paid back his money. This date is called the maturity date.Depending on the bond, the maturity date could be anything from 5 â€" 10 years. Some bonds have a longer maturity period.Whatever the period is, the lender has to know it before purchasing the bond.CouponA bond’s coupon is its interest.When a bond is issued, part of the agreement is for the issuer to pay the lender small amounts of money periodically.This payment is normally done either annually or semi-annually.For the coupon to be determined, the coupon rate has to be known too.The coupon rate is simply the interest rate. It is the coupon rate that fixes the amounts payable every set duration.The amounts are calculated as a percentage (coupon rate) of the invested amount (principal).Coupon DateThis is the date of a coupon payment.Since coupons are paid either once or twice a year, the counting starts after the bond purchase.Often, this will be the same day for the bondholders.YieldThe bond’s yield is the return offered by the bond. It is a measure of how profitable the bond actually is. This measure is often use d when deciding which bond to invest in.Yield is measured in two ways: current yield and yield to maturity.Current yield represents the return you will get for holding the bond for one year.Yield to maturity on the other hand, calculates the total return you get from holding the bond till maturity.TYPES OF BONDSWith these terms aside, let’s look at the types of bonds you can invest in.Coupon BondsCoupon bonds are the most common type and also most attractive.They are simple to understand as they don’t have many options to consider other than the interest payment, rate and maturity date.Coupon bonds are those which offer a coupon payment at the end of a specified period. This period is either annually or semi-annually.The coupon will be calculated according to the principal and coupon rate and paid accordingly.This is what provides a guarantee source of income which is synonymous with bonds.Zero-Coupon BondsThese bonds do not have coupon payments as is the case with coupon bonds. They are also called accrual bonds.The only payment offered is the total accumulated value at maturity.This does not make them unattractive. They attract investors by initially trading at a discount.For example, an issuer may need $1 million for a project. He may then opt for a bond whose par value is $1,000.Since he does not intend to have coupons as part of the deal, he can then sell the bonds at $980.This means that for every bond purchased, the investor will get a $20 discount.If you buy the bond, you will actually have spent $980 and saved $20. You will thus have “earned” $20 through savings. Callable BondsCallable bonds provide the option of the bond being “called back” before maturity. This means that the issuer can buy them back some time in the course of the bond period.This can pose some challenges for you as the investor, while making it easier for the issuer to manage his financial burden. Bonds will typically be called when the market interest rates are falling .This helps the issuer to sell bonds at a lower coupon rate, thus reducing his burden.If you are an investor of such a bond, then you lose an opportunity of selling your bond at a high price. The high price will be occasioned by the lower interest rates.For example, your bond could have provided a 5% coupon rate.Most likely, this was the prevailing interest rate in the market. After 3 years, the prevailing market rate falls to 4%.This makes your bond, which pays at a coupon rate of 5%, more valuable than those currently in the market.With a higher value, the bond trades at a higher price. This offers you more profits if you sell.On the other hand, the issuer will opt to buy back the bond so that he cuts down on the high coupon payments.The new bond he issues will now have a coupon rate of 4%.Putable BondsThese bonds are very similar to callable bonds only that they work in reverse. With putable bonds, it is not the issuer who buys back the bonds. It is the bondholder who sells the b ond back to the issuer.This option can prove very useful for you in the future if you suspect that the bond would fall in value.If it does, you will be able to get back your principal and invest it elsewhere. Preferably in the more valuable bonds coming into the market.The situation for this comes when new bonds are being issued with higher coupon rates. This reduces the value of the bond you are currently holding.Traditionally, you would have been locked out of this new investment by the maturity period which is not yet due.With a put option, you get to sell the bond and use your money to buy another one.Putable bonds may not be very common but they come in handy when the issuer seeks to pay lower coupon rates. The option to sell the bond when needed attracts many bondholders. As such, the issuer is guaranteed to raise the required amount easily.Convertible BondsThese bonds offer an option of converting your bond investment into the company’s shares.They provide this option for t he investors who may be interested in it.However, the option can also be of great benefit to the issuer.Since the option is stated at the beginning, as an investor, you will know about it.But of greater importance to know, is the reason behind the option being included.Bonds are a means for organizations or governments to borrow money for a project. You will thus have to look at the project being undertaken to be sure of the possible benefits.If the project will be successful, then you can convert your bond into shares and sell them later as the prices go up.This is likely to happen because with the success of the project, there will be more people interested in the company’s shares. This makes the prices go up, offering you a profit if you sell. For the issuer, converting your bond into shares will be a welcome move.The biggest benefit is that the issuer will no longer need to pay coupons periodically.That means reduced expenses.At the same time, once you are a shareholder, it me ans there is no principal to be paid at maturity. That is another plus for the issuer.This outcome will actually make the company more profitable since their expenses will be reduced.The situation will be similar to when there are fewer creditors.Exchangeable BondsThese are just like the convertible bonds but with a slight difference.They are convertible for stocks though not of the issuing company.These bonds will offer the opportunity for bondholders to convert their investment into the stock of a company in which the issuer has a stake.The stake held by the issuer will then be “shared” with you. This makes you a shareholder in the other company.With this in mind, you need to examine carefully the details of the bond agreement before buying it.You may also need to consult some experts to know the profitability of the company whose shares are on offer.ADVANTAGES OF INVESTING IN BONDSBonds are an investment option taken by many. But as usual, it isn’t the only available one.Wh en it comes to investment options, there are preferences.Some people prefer certain options while others prefer different ones.If you are just getting started in investments or are looking to diversify your portfolio, how do you know whether bonds are a worthy choice?Here are some advantages to consider.Better Than Banks’ Savings AccountThe tradition way of saving money as known by many is through a savings account.The thought of putting your unused money in a safe place is good enough.But when the bank tells you that your money will earn you interest, it becomes better.But just what is it better compared to?Certainly not bonds.When you invest in bonds, you will prove this for yourself.If you have ever calculated the interest rate offered by your bank, you will realize it is really small. Bonds on the other hand, offer a better payment than your bank.In fact, your bank is most likely investing in some bonds.Most preferably government bonds or others from stable companies.The combi nation of bonds investing and loans is what makes banks report huge profits.If you are keeping your money in the bank, it will be a good idea to consider moving it to a bond.Provide Guaranteed Income StreamsOne great beauty of bonds is the annual or semi-annual payments of coupons.Depending on your needs, this payment can easily take care of your expenses.Especially if your investment in the bond is big.These payments are guaranteed in the bond agreement and unless something drastic happens, the payment cannot fail.One of the unfortunate turn of events which could stop the flow of this income is the bond being called.As explained above, this basically brings to an end the bond agreement.Something else that could happen is the issuer being declared bankrupt.This automatically stops the payments. But the good thing is that your investment (principal) is largely protected by law.Apart from these situations and any other like them, you are always assured of getting your interest payment at the date agreed upon.Offer Legal Protection in Case of BankruptcyOne of the biggest advantages of bonds over shares is the legal protection under the law.Bondholders and shareholders both have a stake in the company.The stake is however significantly different, particularly in the eyes of the law.This difference becomes clear when the issuer is declared bankrupt.A declaration of bankruptcy is an investor’s nightmare. If you are a shareholder, you will experience the worst part of the nightmare since your investment will be gone.If you are a bondholder, you will also suffer some losses because you will no longer be able to receive periodic coupon payments.Nevertheless, you will often be guaranteed to have your principal paid back.This will happen either in full or partly. It will depend on the exact financial situation the issuer is in.The law dictates that bondholders should be treated like creditors.Therefore, when a company starts paying back its lenders, bondholders are one of those guaranteed to receive payment.While creditors like banks may come first, rarely will bondholders lose out on all their money.This is unlike what happens to shareholders who are not prioritized.Potential for Reduced Tax BurdensSome bonds, especially those from the state government or municipality can be tax-free. The interest paid from these will enjoy either reduced taxes or be entirely free of tax deductions.When the government issues such a bond, it is often looking to attract investors.As such, the tax incentive is meant to entice as many investors as possible.This happens mostly when the issuer perceives that there is little interest in the market for bonds. It can also be used to supplement a low coupon rate.The current market rate may be quite high and so to match up to it, a tax incentive can be utilized.Investing in a bond which promises reduced or no tax deductions can be a good decision.Apart from saving you the time and expense involved in filing, your income wi ll be higher than if you invested in taxable bonds.Preservation of the PrincipalThe preservation of your principal is yet another laudable advantage of the bond investment.When the bond matures, you get your principal paid back to you in full. This gives you the opportunity to reinvest it somewhere else.Of course, being a shareholder gives you something similar though not quite.For shares, you will have some work to do. You will have to trade your shares at the current market price in order to get your “principal” back.This can be tricky considering that there may be little to no interest in the shares of the company.Also, the prices may be too low for you to recover your initial investment amount.More than that, you may have to spend more time waiting for enough people to buy all your shares in case they are many.The bond investment definitely stands out in making your life easier.You will receive back your money with little effort from your end.DISADVANTAGES OF INVESTING IN BO NDSMany advantages do not mean the absence of disadvantages.With all the good that can come from investing in bonds, here are some risks involved.The Risk of Being Called BackOne of the biggest risks involved in bonds comes from the possibility of being called back.As discussed in the section on callable bonds, this is not your preferred situation.First of all, you incur a loss in the sense that you will no longer receive the expected income.Upon the bond being called, you will no longer receive the remaining coupon payments. Note that those payments were in your plan. You probably had set your recurrent expenses to benefit from them.Now that they are no longer available, what do you do?You will most likely opt to buy another bond. Whereas this is a good choice, the coupon rates are now lower.That means less income coming your way.This is the second challenge which you will face. And part of the challenge is getting a bond which offers a good deal.Most bond purchases require some ti me to check them out and confirm their suitability.The industry in which the issuer operates is also important to consider.You may need an understanding of the factors which could affect the bond’s future performance.This exercise may take precious time at a time when you are looking to quickly re-invest your money.Interest Rate RisksRisks associated with fluctuating interest rates can cause an unfortunate situation for your bond investment.This is because you become stuck in a situation which you probably want to opt out of.For example, you may have invested in a bond paying at a coupon rate of 6%.With changes in the market interest rates, new bonds with a higher rate, say 6.5%, become available.You will have to choose one of two choices. Stick with your bond till maturity or sell it and buy the available ones.If you choose to stick with your current bond, you are choosing a lower income according to market rates.If you choose to sell your bond and go for the new bonds, you suffe r loss since your current bond has decreased in value.It will not be attractive to investors.This makes selling difficult.The decrease in value means that selling will attract a lower price than what you bought it for.Credit Rating RisksIn most cases, it is easy to avoid this risk because you first investigated the bond before buying. Credit rating risks are those associated with defaulters.This is where the bond issuer may fail to pay the promised coupons.Bond issuers’ credit ratings are usually published by independent analysts like Moody’s and Standard and Poors.In most cases, many investors still seek external advice. When an issuer’s credit rating falls, it means that he is likely to default on coupon payments.This could point to worse scenarios in the future.The project which necessitated borrowing may not raise enough money to pay coupons. The issuer could also be having no money to facilitate the payments.In this case, even your principal is at risk.Some bonds come wit h no collateral backing. This means that if the issuer is unable to pay, your money is lost. To cover for this, such bonds, usually called debentures, will often have higher coupon rates.CONCLUSIONBonds offer an attractive investment option that is way better than a bank’s savings account.Find out what moves the industry involved and understanding the factors which could affect your bond’s value.Once you settle that, make your investment and enjoy the benefits.

Informative Speech On Soccer Is A Simple Game That Anyone...

Demonstration Speech Outline Sample Topic: How to play soccer Specific Purpose: To inform my public speaking class on how to play the game of soccer Central Idea: Soccer is a simple game that anyone can play INTRODUCTION Attention Getter: Did you know that according to a survey conducted by FIFA (Federation of International Football Association) â€Å"4% of the world’s population are actively involved in the game of football.† Relevance to audience: I am here today, to teach you all how to become involved and play the game of soccer. Credibility: I am very credible when it comes to soccer. I have been playing the game for over 10 years. I am a certified referee. I am also a member of our high school’s soccer team. Preview†¦show more content†¦10 field players and 1 goalie. The goalie can use their hands in the goal box. LAW 4 - Player’s Equipment-Teams must wear the same uniforms.This includes shin guards to be worn by all players. LAW 5 - Referees- The referee makes sure that these 17 laws are followed throughout the game. In soccer when there is a foul committed then the referee can either decide to stop the game and give a free kick or let the game play on to see if the team who gains the foul receives an advantage in the play (shot on goal, goal, pass up field and other plays are considered advantages). LAW 6 - Linesmen-Two linesmen help the referee in the center of the field. They signal when a foul is committed the center ref may have missed. They also signal when a ball has gone out of bounds. The linesmen stay even with the back line to watch for offsides. LAW 7 - Duration of the Game The duration of the game will change based on the age of the players. The game is split into two halves. Professionals play 45 minute halves, High School plays 40 minute halves, and other youth play 25-30 minute halves. LAW 8 - Start of Play A kick off from half field starts the game and restarts the game after a goal. A drop ball is used to restart from an injury or other stoppage. Two players face off for a ball dropped from chest height and can’t play it until it touches the ground. LAW 9 - Ball In and Out of Play The ball is out of play when it completely leaves theShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesabout our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the MicrosoftRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesfor the word Gorilla in the Yellow Pages of the telephone book, and the problem here is not that you used a telephone book instead of the Internet. High-quality reasoning is called logical reasoning or critical thinking. Logical reasoning skills can be learned and improved. It is not a case of Either youre naturally good at it or you’re not. Rather, every student is capable of reasoning well, and everyone is capable of improvement. The opposite of logical reasoning is uncritical thinkingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 410 SSS Software Management Problems 410 Exercises for Selecting an Appropriate Conflict Management Strategy Bradley’s Barn 419 Avocado Computers 419 Phelps, Inc. 420 Exercises for Resolving Interpersonal Disputes 420 Freida Mae Jones 421 Can Larry Fit In? 423 Meeting at Hartford Manufacturing Company 424 SKILL APPLICATION 431 Activities for Improving Managing Conflict Skills Suggested Assignments 431 Application Plan and Evaluation 432 390 418 431 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISONRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagescase study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with and approval of the management of the organisation concerned. Case studies can never fully capture the richness and complexity of real-life management situations and we would also encourage readers and tutors to take every possible opportunity to explore the live strategic issues of organisations – both their own and others. The

My Experience At High School Essay - 2399 Words

†¢ Describe any volunteer, extracurricular activities, or work experience in which you are or have been involved in the past two years. For the past two years, I have kept in touch with former high school teachers. During high school I worked as student teacher assistants and enjoyed going back to help former teachers with any paperwork they wanted help with. At community college, I have been more involved in helping students with their education goals and share any information I have in the majors I have looked into and what are the best courses to take. I liked having new students with advice from a student’s perspective in what courses to take before transferring. I have had students who wanted to apply to Chaffey College and given them the education plans I picked up from the resource rooms. Friends who were finished with high school but were unsure about college and others who have previously dropped out of college but want to hear how they can get back on track. I encourage students to attend the tutoring and guidance resources offered in campus by announcing to my classes if there are tutoring options f or their classes. More recently, I with a group of individuals have got an instructor to help initiate a club on campus. I was thrilled to hear that an instructor was willing to help and start the Psychology Club. It brings me satisfaction knowing I was a part of starting a club that will help other students who wish to major in psychology. I was aware that psychologyShow MoreRelatedMy Experience In High School952 Words   |  4 Pages High school is a time where young minded teenagers are encouraged to explore their interests and what type of character they want to become when graduation rolls in. My high school experience was an interesting time with choices that have changed my life and some that I wish I could take back. 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The Division of Cells Free Essays

The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the division of cells is highly regulated such that cells that fail to pass some specific stage-based tests cannot advance to the proceeding stages. Basically, the cycle is directly attached to some bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, and prior to the division process, cell components in the parent cell have to be doubled and later distributed equally to the resulting daughter cells following a division process. This work hypothesizes that addition of phosphate moieties to the CDC25C by an enzyme called Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase acts as a mediator of a metabolic checkpoint that seeks to control cell division specifically at the point where the cells are transitioning from the G2 to the M phase. We will write a custom essay sample on The Division of Cells or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research question that is being tested in this paper was about the activation of the protein kinase and how it works to be a high energy sensor that plays a significant role in cells that lack of the required bioenergy requirements that do not enter the mitotic phase during the cell division. The most important aspect of this experiment in the paper was about the HeLa cells which were subjected to chemicals that are known to activate the enzyme AMPK. Also, the main catabolic processes that are involved to generate energy for cells to transition from G1/G2 were determined by the application of radiochemical approaches, the experiment required to determine if AMPK activation had a hand in preventing mitosis. The results confirmed that activation of this enzyme prevented entry into mitosis. The paper presents a conflicting idea when it comes to the deciding if there is role of mTORC1 in the cell division process, so I think the weaknesses related to the experimental procedures that they designed, they activated AMPK or otherwise inactivated mTORC1 in a way that is not clearly proved and therefore following from this, one cannot really tell if the mitosis regulation was due to AMPK activation of mTORC1 inactivation. If this was my experiment, I would start with two separate setups should be conducted, one with activated AMPK and eliminated CDC25C to check whether there is any influence on mTORC1, and the other set up then will contain cells activated AMPK and have CDC25C and eliminated mTORC1. The results should then be cross-checked to see if AMPK only affects CDC25C or mTORC1 independently or both at the same time. This will help in the keen determination of the exact cause of cell cycle regulation when it comes to the cell division phases and stages. How to cite The Division of Cells, Papers

Social contract theory Essay Example

Social contract theory Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Social contract theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social contract theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social contract theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social contract theory Introduction The social contract theory (SCT) is one of the ethical theories that explain the appropriate relationship between people and their government. This theory asserts that people should unite in a political society through processes of mutual consent, in accord to common rules and accept the corresponding roles. This is vital because people will protect themselves and others against any violence or harm. On the other hand, SCT reveals people’s moral and political duties that are dependent upon an agreement formed in a society in which they live. It is associated with modern ethical and political theory. It has been one of the dominant theories within political and ethical theories throughout the modern Western history. Thus, this theory is vital because it consist a set of rules that facilitates social living. A description of the social contract theory The SCT states that individuals in the society are accorded specific rights of freedom. Therefore, the society enforces rights and duties that should be followed by members. The rights and obligations can be altered anytime because they are not natural or fixed. Thus, in order for this rights and responsibilities to be exercised well in the society, there must be the government to enforce laws in the society in order to avoid chaos and civil war in the society. Hence, the social contract theorists emphasizes that there should be a real agreement between members in the society regarding the rights and obligations of individuals in order for a society to function properly. This agreement should be directed towards advancing the common goals of the citizens and for this social contact to work well. Hence, every individual in the society should abide and agree to those agreements. SCT was given its first full description and defense by one of the philosophers known as Thomas Hobbes. According to Hobbes’s views, the self-interests of individuals in the society and obligations are based on political authorities. These authorities are equally understood and there is no single person with an important authority to rule over the rest. Hobbes describes human nature in his theory that gives rise to morality and politics (Erckel 12). His theory is best understood in two diverse ways including human enthusiasm and social contract founded on theoretical state of nature. In his views, the human psychology reveals the subject of nature especially that of love and hate. Hobbes in the state of nature comments that human beings always fear to lose their life to other people. Thus, men are reasonable because they reorganize the laws of nature, which helps them to understand the state of nature thus creating a moral society. Another famous social contract philosopher is John Locke. He tried to give a description of the ethical theory using the nature of state. He describes the state of nature, as completely unbearable thus rational men may be willing to submit themselves to absolute authority or escape from them completely. Thus, his argument concerning the social contract and the nature of people’s relationship to authorities are quite dissimilar (Erckel 17). In addition, he reveals that the natural state of humanity is whereby one needs perfect and complete freedom whereby no one should interfere with the freedom of others. However, this does not mean that one is licensed to do anything but it is a state where there is no civil authority or a state without morality. He describes this nature of state as a pre-political and pre-moral sate. In this case, it is assumed individuals are equal to one another and they are bounded by law of nature, which is given by God. The moral principle of this law r equires nobody should cause harm to one another because we all belong to God. The last philosopher of social contract theory is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau is another famous philosopher who tried to advance the social contract theory. He describes the society as a small part, which is like a living organism that is vital to the well-being of the whole. Thus, people should guarantee their social contracts as valuable in order to contribute to the social well-being. He argues that in case one part of the society is abandoned, the other part will also feel its effects. In addition, he reveals that man is endowed with liberty and equality by nature. However, the nature of humanity has been corrupted by the conditional social history. Thus, people can conquer corruption through invoking their free will to reconstitute themselves politically by following democratic principles, which is good for them. Reasons for choosing social contract theory One of the reasons for choosing this theory is that it is a real theory, which is a process of negotiation characterized in every democratic society. The rationale of creating laws in our society is to create fairness, which is a just contract to all individuals in the society. What makes us believe strongly in democracy is that all citizens in the society have a voice in helping in formulate the laws. The reason for choosing this theory therefore is to reveal the underlying moral values desired in a particular democracy. Moreover, this theory is vital because it reveals the principles of equal freedom and fair opportunities that individuals need in a democratic state. However, some philosophers such as John Rawls, the modern American social contract theorists argue that inequalities will ultimately emerge even though everyone would be given equal opportunities. He concludes that the inequalities are tolerable as long as they are fair and everybody benefits from them. Another reason of choosing SCT is to determine the ways in which the principle of social justice, which people should adopt in case their judgments is not based on self-interest. When treating individuals with dignity, it means treating them according to the values they fairly choose for themselves. The ultimate just principles comprise the social contract whereby justice in the modern institutions can be evaluated and to which direction of social change can be done (Erckel 19). However, the values of justice should be selected in order to minimize social violence in the society. Hence, individuals should adopt principles that should administer their social institutions. Thus, one can select the conditions in which the nature of justice, its framework and regulations can be established in order to make credible social contract. Consequently, the ability to form the principles of just is one of the significant reasons for choosing the social contract theory. This theory enables one to establish a bargaining state whereby the result is a just social contract. This will be in consistent with the view of society and peace formed out of balancing powers. Moreover, the theory lends itself to independence, which is a fundamental unit for examining and evaluating a society where this theory applies. John Rawls, the modern American philosopher, argues that people need to discover the nature of justice and its requirements for people and social institutions where people live cooperatively. People are assumed as being rational and not interested in the well-being of others. This is a situation where Rawls argues that an individual is required to choose the principles that favor his or her own specific situations. Nevertheless, I believe in the independence, self-esteem and the freedom of the individual and these accounts for the selection of this theory. Justice can be maintained in a society in case people are given freedom and if they are self-directed. Thus, a situation where people commit themselves to the basic principles in which they live will particularly express a just process. In case the bargaining situation warrants fairness, then I consider the principles that free individuals thus maintaining justice. However, people cannot maintain justice when they are left to do so. Hence, they should be governed by certain principles that should guide them towards maintaining justice in the society. According to Thomas Hobbes, it is clear that the laws of nature are different from the right of nature. In his argument about the state of nature, Hobbes argues that the contracts originating from the law of nature, which entails self-interest and self-protection, becomes invalid unless there is a common power for monitoring obedience of the contracts that may lead to creating injustice. He further clarifies that the only way for selecting such a common power is through defending the assault of foreigners and injuries for one another (Erckel 21). In addition, Hobbes argues that contractual rights and obligations flow from this agreement and the autonomy cannot do wrong to their subjects. This implies that a society, which is independent and has certain rule that governs it, is likely to maintain a just environment. This is because these doctrines are beneficial in maintaining peace in the society. Moreover, SCT is one of the theories, which consists a set of rules that facilitates social living. A society, which is governed by the government with specific rules set to govern individuals, is likely to maintain peace. This is because those living under the government are parties to social contact. Therefore, everyone agrees to abide to the principles of a certain state and in that way, people are safe and benefit from other social benefits that may result. According to this theory, the state exists to implement the significant laws for social living and morality exists in order to facilitate the social living. Therefore, the government must enforce necessary rules vital for social living such as not robbing people’s properties, not breaking the agreements and not causing harm to one another. Hobbies advocates that our action are selfishly motivated thus he developed a social contract theory of ethical egoism (Erckel 27). People live happily in a state where rules on morality exist contrary to one where they are absent leading to recurring conflicts in such a state. He argues that in case people do not have moral values of principles governing them, then they are subjected to the whims of other people’s selfish interests. Therefore, the properties of people, families and their lives will be at risk in case moral values lack in a society. Thus, state laws are essential because they will prohibit individuals from lying, robbing and committing murder. Formulating way of enforcing these laws means creating a policing agency whereby those who violates the laws are punished. Lastly, this theory is significant because it is where all powers and jurisdiction are reciprocal in a state. The state, which through the law teaches all humanity about the morality, can bind people. What constitutes a serious theory is derived from the law of nature that unconditionally unites people in every society. Thus, it can be that argued humankind moves out of state of nature by a voluntary choice of contract or sanction of association. Thus, understanding our responsibilities and utilizing our freedom will contribute to a society, which is peaceful. This will help individuals to avoid minor punishments as well as conflicts in the society. In conclusion, social contract theory is vital because it consist a set of rules that facilitates social living. The SCT states that individuals in the society are accorded specific rights of freedom. Many philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke greatly contributed to this theory. They both explain about the nature of the state and the kind of values required in the society. In this regard, this theory is a real theory, which is a process of negotiation characterized in every democratic society. It determines the ways in which the principle of social justice, which people should adopt whereby their judgments is not based on self-interest. Consequently, the ability to form the principles of just is one of the significant reasons for choosing the social contract theory. Moreover, SCT is one of the theories, which consists a set of rules that facilitates social living. Work cited Erckel, Sebastian. Classical Social Contract Theory: The Classical Social Contract Theories of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Compared. Mu?nchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2009. Internet resource.